Metabolic Processes Photosynthesis Essay Example

Metabolic Processes: Photosynthesis Essay Altered True/FalseIndicate whether the sentence or proclamation is valid or bogus. Assuming bogus, change the recognized word or expression to make the sentence or explanation true.____ 1. The organelle that is one of a kind to eukaryotic photoautotrophs is the chromoplast. _____________________________ 2. Light vitality is chiefly moved by chlorophyll b. _____________________________ 3. At the point when presented to brilliant white light chlorophyll fluoresces green. _____________________________ 4. When all is said in done, photosynthesis rates are lower at lower oxygen fixations. ____________________________________________ 5. The area of the H+ store in the chloroplast is the intermembrane space. ___________________________________Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the decision that best finishes the announcement or answers the question.____ 1. Of the accompanying natural mixes, which one contains the component, nitrogen?a.fatty acidsd.starchb.sugare.proteinc.glycerol____ 2. An oxidation/decrease is best appeared by which of the following?a.an amino and carboxyl gathering structure a peptide bondb.two little atoms artificially join to frame an enormous onec.a base responds with a corrosive to shape water and a saltd.electrons are moved from one substance to anothere.a huge particle is broken into two littler molecules____ 3. The movement of a catalyst can be modified by changing the pH of its environmental factors somewhat. This adjustment in pH works bya.causing the protein to precipitateb.masking its dynamic sitec.increasing the actuation vitality of the reactiond.breaking its peptide bondse.altering its three dimensional shape____ 4. Which of coming up next isn't a cofactor or coenzyme?a.Zn2+d.Fe2+b.Mn2+e.NADP+c.NAD+____ 5. Which of the accompanying explanations concerning allosteric guideline isn't true?a.Allosteric destinations are typically situated close to, yet separate from, the dynamic site.b.Alosterically controlled chemicals as a rule have q uaternary structure.c.Activators will in general keep all the dynamic locales accessible to the ordinary substrate.d.Allosteric inhibitors balance out the inert type of the enzyme.e.Allosteric controllers join to their destinations utilizing feeble bonds.____ 6. Which of the accompanying procedures in all probability doesn't include anaerobic conditions?a.yeast causing bread mixture to riseb.bacteria working in an air circulation tank at a sewage plantc.bacteria in the dirt assistance in compostingd.alcohol is created in fermentatione.sewage separates in a septic tank____ 7. In an examination of the shades in the leaves of a specific plant, one spot moved 8.0 cm from the beginning, while the dissolvable front moved 10.0 cm. What might the Rf estimation of the shade be?a.80.0d.1.25b.8.0e.0.8c.2.0____ 8. Photophosphorylation explicitly alludes to thea.synthesis of glucose by means of carbon fixationb.splitting water because of lightc.synthesis of ATP by photolysisd.reduction of NADPH by electron transporte.synthesis of ATP utilizing light____ 9. During carbon obsession, which of coming up next is a product?a.ATPd.carbon dioxideb.3-phosphoglyceratee.oxygenc.NADPH____ 10. The name of the procedure whereby a plant utilizes oxygen in light.a.transpirationd.photorespirationb.translocatione.photosynthesisc.photophosphorylationImagine you have five little glass shakes that are fixed to the climate. All the containers are loaded up with a bicarbonate arrangement (as a wellspring of carbon dioxide) and a marker. The contrasts between each container are portrayed below:Jar #1: Has a little fish.Jar #2: Has one little fish notwithstanding some oceanic plants.Jar #3: Has three little fish notwithstanding some amphibian plants.Jar #4: Has some sea-going plants.Jar #5: Has some sea-going plants, however the container is totally encircled by aluminum foil.The marker gives you how much carbon dioxide is in each container. The accompanying table shows the relative amounts:Colour of pH pointer solutionRelative measure of carbon dioxideredhighgreenmedium (proportional to atmosphere)bluelowThe following table shows the aftereffects of an examination where the cylinders were permitted to remain under normal light for a few hours.ObservationJar #1Jar #2Jar #3Jar #4Jar #5Starting shade of indicatorgreengreengreengreengreenFinal shade of indicatorredgreenredbluegreen____ 11. Coming up next are explanations with respect to the above results:I. breath is occurring in every one of the five test tubesII. breath is surpassing photosynthesis in Jar#3III. photosynthesis is happening in Jar#5IV. the least grouping of carbon dioxide is found in Jar#2Which of the above proclamations are correct?a.II and IIId.II and IVb.I and IIe.III and IVc.I and IVOptional Multiple Choice The right answer is demonstrated by a (*)1. Photoexcitation happens whena. 2ADP + 2Pi 2 ATP on 2 cytochromesb. light discharges electrons from twofold covalent bonds on chlorophyll air conditioning. 2 H2 O 4H+ + O2 + 4 electronsd. pallisade mesophylle. bright (UV)2. In a C3 plant a large portion of the photosynthesis action happens in thea. pack sheath cellsb. light mesophyllc. RUDP; 2PGAd. pallisade mesophylle. pyruvic acid3. C4 plants fix CO2 onto ________; to frame ______________.a. RUDP; 2PGAb. pyruvic corrosive; 2PGAc. Energy; oxaloacetic acidd. chlorophyll a (mass); chlorophyll be. glucose, water4. C3 plants fix CO2 onto __________; to frame ____________.a. Kick; oxaloacetic acidb. pyruvic corrosive; 2PGAc. RUDP; 2PGAd. Glycogen, pyruvatee. Liquor, aspartame5. The radio wire colors includea. chlorophyll a (mass); chlorophyll b (all)b. chlorophyll b (all); carotenoids (all)c. Xanthophylls, cyaninsd. chlorophyll a (mass); chlorophyll b (all); carotenoidse. Glycine, methylglycol6. The light response PRIMARILY ingests light from the obvious range that isa. bright (UV)b. violetc. redd. The matrixe. green7. The light response occursa. the thyakoid membraneb. in the matrixc. in the s tromad. Granae. Vacuole8. The dim response happens in thea. matrixb. thyakoid membranec. stromad. lammmellaee. pancreas9. In the accompanying condition, the 6 O2 started from the6 CO2 + 12 H2O - 1 2 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6 H2Oa. 6 CO2b. 12 H2Oc. 6 H2Od. sulphure. antimony10. In the accompanying condition, the C6 on glucose began from the6 CO2 + 12 H2O - 1 2 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6 H2Oa. 12 H2Ob. 6 CO2c. C6H12O6d. Sulfur gase. air11. 1 and 2 on the - are6 CO2 + 12 H2O - 1 2 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6 H2Oa. CO2, H2Ob. chlorophyll an and chlorophyll bc. light and chlorophylld. aspartame and proteine. DNA and chlorine12. The significant finished results of the LIGHT REACTION is (are)a. 4 e-+ 4H+ + O2b. ATP, NADPH2c. 6O2, 6 H2Od. NADPHe. FAD+13. Carotenoids assimilate light PRIMARILY from the _________ portion(s) of the obvious spectrum.a. red, violetb. bluec. greend. blacke. yellow-orange14. Both the finished results of the LIGHT REACTION are utilized in the:a. decrease of 2 PGAs to 2 PGALsb. oxidation of 2 PGAs to 2 PGALsc. obsession of CO2 on RUPd. Calvin cycle15. Both the final results of the light response are utilized in thea. transformation of PGAL to DHAP through a progression of reactionsb. oxidation of NADPHc. transformation of RUDP to PGAL through a progression of reactionsd. Cell respiration16. Which condition underneath favors the most elevated pace of PHOTOSYNTHESIS? (select just one)(a) CO2 0.2% light 7000 1x temperature 20oC(b) CO2 0.2% light 7000 1x temperature 15oC(c) CO2 10 % light 7000 1x temperature 25oC17. Despite light power and temperature, the pace of photosynthesis won't increment when the CO2 fixation isa. beneath 0.2%b. above 0.03%c. above 0.2%d. up to 100%e. beneath 0.011%18. The pace of photosynthesis is seen by :a. tallying the O2 bubbles given offb. gathering O2 gas from the reactionc. taking a gander at the water producedd. both an and b are feasiblee. checking the quantity of sugars19. Photosystem II gets electrons froma. photolysis of waterb. 2 cytoch romesc. NADPH2d. Mitochondriae. rubisco20. Photosystem II produces _______ for the dull reactiona. ATP onlyb. both ATP and NADPH2c. PGALd. Electronse. protons21. In Photosystem I, chloroplasts utilize light to producea. histamineb. CO2c. Carbond. Carbonic acide. NADPH22. Light is one factor associated with the pace of photosynthesis. Two others territory. temperature and CO2b. temperature and O2c. water and ozoned. sulfur fixation and aluminum particle concentratione. chlorine focus and H particle concentration23. The oxygen discharged through photosynthesis is inferred froma. CO2b. waterc. ATP24. Rank the occasions a to c from which happens first to which happens last. Select the occasion that comes last.a. P700 is oxidizedb. photophosphorylationc. P680 is oxidized25. Rank the occasions a to c from which happens first to which happens last. Select the occasion that comes first.a. photophosphorylationb. P680 is oxidizedc. P700 is oxidized26. During the activity of photosystem Ia. NA DPH is diminished and P700 is reducedb. P680 is decreased alongside ATPc. P700 is oxidized and NADP+ is reducedd. ATP is reducede. The chloroplast is excited27. The general achievement of the DARK REACTION is thea. amalgamation of ATPb. combination of PGALc. decrease of CO2 by hydrogend. Creation of sulphuric corrosive gase. The creation an alanine28. At the point when light is consumed by photosystem IIa. P700 is oxidized and CO2 is liberatedb. P680 is oxidized and O2 is liberatedc. P680 is changed over to P700d. At the point when the sun stops shininge. When the asparate transport stopsOther numerous decision questions can be found at: http://www.thelifewire.com/and, http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter10/deluxe.htmlCompletion questions1. Temperature and pH influence catalyst movement. Likewise with every other response, catalyst catalyzed responses _________________________ in speed with an expansion in temperature. Be that as it may, as the te mperature increments past a basic point, the protein structure starts to get disturbed , coming about in _________________________ and loss of chemical capacity. Each catalyst has a(n) _________________________ temperature at which it works best and action will in general lessening on either side of this temperature. Most human proteins work best at ar

Cesar E. Chavez essays

Cesar E. Chavez expositions At the point when an individual hears the name Cesar Chavez, an individual thinks about a keeps an eye on battle for his kin. As a kindred individual I am glad that he was Hispanic simply like me. Well for me he wasnt an ordinary Jose however somebody with the force and solidarity to state I had it with what was happening, for that I call him a superb and daring man. The tale of Cesar Chavez starts in Yuma, Arizona. He was conceived March 31,1927. Cesar Estrada Chavez was names after his granddad Cesario Chavez. As a little kid Cesar learned numerous things. As a kid Cesar learned direct that it was so difficult to be an earthy colored man in a white keeps an eye ashore. Cesars family, The Chavez family, was cheated from their home and ranch by exploitative whites. Cesar took in an exercise about bad form that he would later in counter. Cesar said the affection for equity that is in us isn't simply the best piece of our being nevertheless it additionally the most consistent with our inclination. Like I said this man had the mindset of somebody you read in LA OPINION. In my dim eyes Cesar was the Mexican, white individuals dreaded him left and right and asked that Cesar would look the other way or they would free their fortune. To me that is an achievement past a great deal of people groups reach. As a small kid Cesar didn't care for school that m uch, I mean I dont either, yet his reasons were vastly improved that mine since the entirety of the instructors were Anglos and just communicated in English, and that wasnt it, if the school staff found u communicating in Spanish they would hit you with a size 12 inch ruler. Cesar and his sibling went to from 38 schools to 70 schools. Cesar just moved on from the eighth grade and couldn't go to secondary school since his dad, Librado, had a mishap and couldn't work as a result of it. So as the most established offspring of the family Cesar set aside his arrangements for the future to help his family both intellectually and genuinely. As Chavez developed more established he began back his excursion in aca... <!

MeisterTaskers Say Hello To Recurring Tasks - Focus

MeisterTaskers Say Hello To Recurring Tasks - Focus And say goodbye to creating the same task over and over again. The moment you have all been waiting for has finally arrived. We heard you loud and clear. All those feature requests weren’t for naught! We came through for you. You know what they say, good things come to those who wait. Well, we are excited to officially announce that MeisterTask has just launched its most requested feature of all time… drumroll please recurring tasks!  It’s up and running and ready to use! Recurring Tasks So, we all have a few todos that need to be done more than once. It’s just part of the job. Whether it be following up on unpaid invoices at the end of every month, putting the company newsletter together, or maybe even sending out the minutes of the weekly departmental meeting â€" not letting repetitive tasks slip through the cracks can be difficult, especially during stressful times. Stay on top of this by marking these tasks as recurring within your MeisterTask project. A recurring task is simply an automation, a part of your workflow that you configure to take place automatically. It’s a task that needs to be created once, but in such a way that it can be repeated automatically. After you’ve created your task, all you need to do is set the repeat cycle then go about your business as usual. Once you’ve created a recurring task, a new task will be automatically created according to the repeat cycle you’ve set. This saves you time, saves you from forgetting to do something important and also saves you the trouble of doing it all again from scratch. How To Create a Recurring Task Because recurring tasks are in fact automations, they can be found in MeisterTask under automations. You can configure your recurring task automation by going to any section within your project and opening up the context menu (1) from the section header then clicking on Automations  (2) and then selecting Add Automation (3). You can also access Automations from your Project Properties. Select Recurring Task from the Add Automation menu. Then, click on Add Template. This will open up your recurring task template. Fill this out as you would your normal task, but bear in mind, this is the task you want to set as recurring. In other words the main task that you want to be repeated. From here, you can easily assign the task to the person responsible, set a due date (e.g. due 7 days after the task is created), add tags, watchers and attachments. You can also create checklists that you can check off as you complete sub-tasks. Click on Save template once you’ve completed this. document.createElement('video'); https://focus.meisterlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Recurring-Tasks-video.-blog-SMALL-mp4.mp4 Then comes the good part â€" setting the frequency of how often you would like the task to recur, for example: weekly every Friday or the last day of every month. Go wild and set a recurring task for your quarterly review or releasing your annual report, the sky’s the limit. Select the starting date and Done. Voila! Bob’s your uncle, you’ve officially created a new recurring task. Go forth and repeat. MeisterTaskers Say Hello To Recurring Tasks - Focus And say goodbye to creating the same task over and over again. The moment you have all been waiting for has finally arrived. We heard you loud and clear. All those feature requests weren’t for naught! We came through for you. You know what they say, good things come to those who wait. Well, we are excited to officially announce that MeisterTask has just launched its most requested feature of all time… drumroll please recurring tasks!  It’s up and running and ready to use! Recurring Tasks So, we all have a few todos that need to be done more than once. It’s just part of the job. Whether it be following up on unpaid invoices at the end of every month, putting the company newsletter together, or maybe even sending out the minutes of the weekly departmental meeting â€" not letting repetitive tasks slip through the cracks can be difficult, especially during stressful times. Stay on top of this by marking these tasks as recurring within your MeisterTask project. A recurring task is simply an automation, a part of your workflow that you configure to take place automatically. It’s a task that needs to be created once, but in such a way that it can be repeated automatically. After you’ve created your task, all you need to do is set the repeat cycle then go about your business as usual. Once you’ve created a recurring task, a new task will be automatically created according to the repeat cycle you’ve set. This saves you time, saves you from forgetting to do something important and also saves you the trouble of doing it all again from scratch. How To Create a Recurring Task Because recurring tasks are in fact automations, they can be found in MeisterTask under automations. You can configure your recurring task automation by going to any section within your project and opening up the context menu (1) from the section header then clicking on Automations  (2) and then selecting Add Automation (3). You can also access Automations from your Project Properties. Select Recurring Task from the Add Automation menu. Then, click on Add Template. This will open up your recurring task template. Fill this out as you would your normal task, but bear in mind, this is the task you want to set as recurring. In other words the main task that you want to be repeated. From here, you can easily assign the task to the person responsible, set a due date (e.g. due 7 days after the task is created), add tags, watchers and attachments. You can also create checklists that you can check off as you complete sub-tasks. Click on Save template once you’ve completed this. document.createElement('video'); https://focus.meisterlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Recurring-Tasks-video.-blog-SMALL-mp4.mp4 Then comes the good part â€" setting the frequency of how often you would like the task to recur, for example: weekly every Friday or the last day of every month. Go wild and set a recurring task for your quarterly review or releasing your annual report, the sky’s the limit. Select the starting date and Done. Voila! Bob’s your uncle, you’ve officially created a new recurring task. Go forth and repeat.

Who Was the Lost Generation

The term â€Å"Lost Generation† refers to the generation of people who reached adulthood during or immediately following World War I. Demographers generally consider 1883 to 1900 as the birth year range of the generation. Key Takeaways: The Lost Generation The â€Å"Lost Generation† reached adulthood during or shortly after World War I.Disillusioned by the horrors of war, they rejected the traditions of the older generation.Their struggles were characterized in the works of a group of famous American authors and poets including Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and T. S. Eliot.Common traits of the â€Å"Lost Generation† included decadence, distorted visions of the â€Å"American Dream,† and gender confusion.​ Having witnessed what they considered pointless death on such a massive scale during the war, many members of the generation rejected more traditional ideas of proper behavior, morality, and gender roles. They were considered to be â€Å"lost† due to their tendency to act aimlessly, even recklessly, often focusing on the hedonistic accumulation of personal wealth. In literature, the term also refers to a group of well-known American authors and poets including Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and T. S. Eliot, whose works often detailed the internal struggles of the â€Å"Lost Generation.†Ã‚   The term is believed to have come from an actual verbal exchange witnessed by novelist Gertrude Stein during which a French garage owner derisively told his young employee, â€Å"You are all a lost generation.† Stein repeated the phrase to her colleague and pupil Ernest Hemingway, who popularized the term when he used it as an epigraph to his classic 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises. In an interview for The Hemingway Project, Kirk Curnutt, author of several books about the Lost Generation writers suggested that they were expressing mythologized versions of their own lives. Said Curnutt: â€Å"They were convinced they were the products of a generational breach, and they wanted to capture the experience of newness in the world around them. As such, they tended to write about alienation, unstable mores like drinking, divorce, sex, and different varieties of unconventional self-identities like gender-bending.† Decadent Excesses Throughout their novels The Sun Also Rises and The Great Gatsby, Hemingway and Fitzgerald feature the decedent, self-indulgent lifestyles of their Lost Generation characters. In both The Great Gatsby and Tales of the Jazz Age Fitzgerald depicts an  endless stream of lavish parties hosted by the main characters. With their values so completely destroyed by the war, the expatriate American circles of friends in Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises and A Moveable Feast live shallow, hedonistic lifestyles, aimlessly roaming the world while drinking and partying. Fallacy of Great American Dream Members of the Lost Generation viewed the idea of the â€Å"American Dream† as a grand deception. This becomes a prominent theme in The Great Gatsby as the story’s narrator Nick Carraway comes to realize that Gatsby’s vast  fortune had been paid for with great misery. To Fitzgerald, the traditional vision of the American Dream—that hard work led to success—had become corrupted. To the Lost Generation, â€Å"living the dream† was no longer about simply building a self-sufficient life, but about getting stunningly rich by any means necessary. Gender-Bending and Impotence Many young men eagerly entered World War I still believing combat to be more of a chivalrous, even glamorous pastime than an inhumane struggle for survival. However, the reality they experienced—the brutal slaughter of more than 18 million people, including 6 million civilians—shattered their traditional images of masculinity and their perceptions around differing roles of men and women in society. Left impotent by his war wounds, Jake, the narrator and central character in Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, describes how his sexually aggressive and promiscuous female lover Brett acts as the man, trying to be â€Å"one of the boys† in an effort to control the lives of her sexual partners. In T.S. Eliot’s ironically titled poem â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,† Prufrock laments how his embarrassment from feelings of emasculation has left him sexually frustrated and unable to declare his love for the poem’s unnamed female recipients, referred to as â€Å"they.† (They will say: ‘How his hair is growing thin!’)My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin,My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin—(They will say: ‘But how his arms and legs are thin!’) In the first chapter of Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Gatsby’s trophy girlfriend Daisy delivers a telling vision of her newborn daughter’s future. â€Å"I hope she’ll be a fool—that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a theme that still resonates in today’s feminist movement, Daisy’s words express Fitzgerald’s opinion of his generation as spawning a society that largely devalued intelligence in women. While the older generation valued women who were docile and subservient, the Lost Generation held mindless pleasure-seeking as the key to a woman’s â€Å"success.† While she seemed to bemoan her generation’s view of gender roles, Daisy conformed to them, acting as a â€Å"fun girl† to avoid the tensions of her true love for the ruthless Gatsby.  Ã‚   Belief in an Impossible Future Unable or unwilling to come to grips with the horrors of warfare, many of the Lost Generation created impossibly unrealistic hopes for the future. This is expressed best in the final lines of The Great Gatsby in which narrator Nick exposed Gatsby’s idealized vision of Daisy that had always prevented him from seeing her as she really was.   â€Å"Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgiastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that’s no matter—tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther†¦. And one fine morning—So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.† The â€Å"green light† in the passage is Fitzgerald’s metaphor for the perfect futures we continue to believe in even while watching it get ever farther away from us. In other words, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, the Lost Generation continued to believe that â€Å"one fine day,† our dreams will come true. A New Lost Generation? By their very nature, all wars  create â€Å"lost† survivors. While returning combat veterans have traditionally died of suicide and suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder  (PTSD) at much higher rates than the general population,  returning veterans of the Gulf War and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq are at an even higher risk. According to a 2016 report from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, an average of 20 of these veterans a day die from suicide. Could these â€Å"modern† wars be creating a modern â€Å"Lost Generation?† With mental wounds often more serious and far more difficult to treat than physical trauma, many combat veterans struggle to reintegrate into civilian society. A report from the RAND Corporation estimates that some 20% of returning veterans either have or will develop PTSD.

Governmental Foundation in the Declaration of Independence...

On July 4, 1776, the United States of Americas Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, announced that the thirteen colonies were declaring their independence and, in doing so, were independent states apart from the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence is comprised mainly of colonial grievances and assertions of human rights. The Declaration of Independence formed a profound foundation for the forefathers who wrote the United States of America Constitution and Bill of Rights and, therefore, the United States of America government. As the first clause of the United States of Americas Declaration of†¦show more content†¦In response to each grievance, together these documents form a harmony that suits and is for the people and government of the United States. In the Constitution, the first three articles create a separation of power and a system of checks and balances intended for the United States of America Federal Government. In doing so, the Constitution makes certain that no governmental power is dominant and, thereby, protects the freedoms and rights of the people. By discussing Congressional Provisions in Article I, Americans received representative government, a right that the colonists had continuously asked Great Britain for, in the form of both a Senate and a House of Representatives. While the number of representatives from each state in the House of Representatives would be calculated according to population of that state, the Senate was to have two representatives per state. This system guarantees impartial and balanced representation to each state. In Article II Executive Powers, the colonists were granted the right to suffrage. Article III discussed Judicial Powers of both Supreme and inferior courts ensuring that all Americans receive a fair trial. Articles IV, V, VI, and VII focus on Procedures for Amendmen ts. By addressing grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence, America’s founding fathers were able to create a system of government â€Å"under God†¦of the people, by the people, for the people† (Abraham Lincoln).Show MoreRelatedEssay On The Declaration Of Independence778 Words   |  4 Pages On July 4th, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by the founding fathers, thus implementing the foundation of the American government. The Declaration of Independence represents great significance in the history of the United States due to its influence throughout time. The Declaration signifies the rebellion against the British Parliament and the unification of the colonies in the fight for equality, liberty, and justice. Furthermore, the Declaration established a new form of governmentRead MoreThe American Revolution Set up Equality and Power for America621 Words   |  3 Pagesthe world power it is today. America’s Revolution gave birth to real applications of Enlightenment ideals, and in doing so spurred movements of independence and democracy around the world during the same time period and into the future. â€Å"Three major events of the American Revolution had great influence on Europe: Signing the Declaration of Independence, Implementing the ideas of Enlightenment, Forming the U.S constitution† (ADD SOURCE). In the years following the American Revolution, France fellRead MoreEssay on Epitome of Enlightenment 1232 Words   |  5 PagesRevolution. The American Declaration of Independence, written in 1776 is one of the most significant examples of a document whose writing was motivated by enlightenment principles. (http://dogofletters.wordpress.com). 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But this could also be considered democratic through governmental programs such as welfare, affirmative action, and many others created to better society. Yet negative liberty, is the primary one we want in our lives. However negative liberty is the freedom from the constraints that limit us (Negative Liberty)Read MoreThe Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson1670 Words   |  7 Pagesin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where five men were appointed to be a part of a comity to write the Declaration of Independence and become liberated from the British government. The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in American history. It tells the major ideas that the Founders had about government. Eventually, after several rough drafts of the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson, a final draft was written and finally approved by the Second Continental CongressRead MoreDocumentat ions That Made Up The United States Of America1749 Words   |  7 Pagesin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where five men were appointed to be a part of a comity to write the Declaration of Independence and become liberated from the British government. The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in American history. It tells the major ideas that the Founders had about government. Eventually, after several rough drafts of the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson, a final draft was written and finally approved by the Second Continental CongressRead MoreAmerican History Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagesordinary men, men who risked life and limb to ensure that their families would see the light of the next day. It’s such men that I want to analyze, their principals, their beliefs, their spirit. Ultimately, I want to explore their way of life, the foundation for America as we know. In addition, we will be venturing into the history of the United St ates of America to analyze and highlight the reasons why the American Revolution succeeded and the principles that we still hold true to this day and ageRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Words   |  6 Pagesbehind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eighteenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. †¯ The first source which will be evaluated in depth is the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, last edited in 2016 and written by a collection of authors, namely

Nostalgia in “Where I Come from” Free Essays

â€Å"Where I Come From† is a poem in which Elizabeth Brewster expresses her nostalgic emotions and yearning for the tranquility and yearning for the nature of her hometown. The vivid imagery, which stimulates the readers’ senses plays an important role in intensifying the vehemence of her emotions. Brewster also expresses her nostalgia in a way that makes readers empathic with her strong yearning. We will write a custom essay sample on Nostalgia in â€Å"Where I Come from† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lack of rhyming scheme in this piece conveys a sense of fickleness and uniqueness. People are made of places,† she says, which I believe specifically meaner that people re made of places that they belong to, that people do not â€Å"carry with them hints of† manmade cities and skyscrapers because they do not belong there, but they belong in the â€Å"Jungles and mountains† as mankind itself is a piece of nature. Furthermore, Brewster uses â€Å"people† as a metaphor for herself, thus being the reason for her intense yearning. â€Å"Smell of smog† in the fourth line radiates a strong imagery of the blurry matter, blinding people from the pathway of their goals. Therefore, the phrase represents Brewster melancholy and strong sense of uncertainty. Her description of the scent f spring as â€Å"the almost-not-smell of tulips† conveys a sense of disappointment as not even a single whole thing of nature remains in the synthetic world of the modern age. Brewster then mentions the scent of museums, the scent of old, once-functional items that are kept only for the sake of history. This serves as a medium to further convey her nostalgia. She then mentions the scent of â€Å"work, glue factories†, â€Å"chromium-plated offices†, and â€Å"subways†. Her choice of mentioning only the dullest and most mundane scents of the contemporary realm depicts her dissatisfaction tit it, in comparison to what her old settlement had to offer. â€Å"Burned-out†, â€Å"old†, and â€Å"battered†, she describes her hometown, yet she still yearns for it. From this, it is concluded that it is not the quality of the items she seeks, but the tranquility and beauty. Brewster included the very fragrant and soothing scent of â€Å"pine woods† and â€Å"blueberry†, further strengthening the former point. â€Å"With yards where hens and chickens circle about,† she says. The image of the Jaunty animals provides an aura of mirthful glee, which is precisely what she experiences while being in the less hectic environment. She also stated that the â€Å"hens and chickens† are â€Å"clucking aimlessly†, depicting a sense of insouciance. Therefore, her wistfulness is caused by her longing for the blithe and airy nature of her hometown. Spring and winter are the mind’s chief seasons†; in this line, Brewster has started to tolerate with the circumstance she is place in in that present and that the benefit in simply yearning is nonexistent. â€Å"Ice and the breaking of ice† symbolisms her adamantly of belonging in a place of nature, as it starts to fade, thus exposing herself Brewster then allows the doo r to her memories to â€Å"blow open† and let the â€Å"frosty mind† that is her haunting memories to be blown and fade away. Her description of her memories as â€Å"frosty† depicts her acknowledgement and awareness of how her nostalgia has turned her into an aloof person whose gaze illustrates none but melancholy. In conclusion, this poem is the tale of Elizabeth Brewster momentary misery and despair due to her nostalgia, which she overcomes as she realizes that the past is not all there is, which is the fickle element of the poem. Therefore, this poem is not a mere chronicle, but Brewster message of counsel too. How to cite Nostalgia in â€Å"Where I Come from†, Papers

Nostalgia in “Where I Come from” Free Essays

â€Å"Where I Come From† is a poem in which Elizabeth Brewster expresses her nostalgic emotions and yearning for the tranquility and yearning for the nature of her hometown. The vivid imagery, which stimulates the readers’ senses plays an important role in intensifying the vehemence of her emotions. Brewster also expresses her nostalgia in a way that makes readers empathic with her strong yearning. We will write a custom essay sample on Nostalgia in â€Å"Where I Come from† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lack of rhyming scheme in this piece conveys a sense of fickleness and uniqueness. People are made of places,† she says, which I believe specifically meaner that people re made of places that they belong to, that people do not â€Å"carry with them hints of† manmade cities and skyscrapers because they do not belong there, but they belong in the â€Å"Jungles and mountains† as mankind itself is a piece of nature. Furthermore, Brewster uses â€Å"people† as a metaphor for herself, thus being the reason for her intense yearning. â€Å"Smell of smog† in the fourth line radiates a strong imagery of the blurry matter, blinding people from the pathway of their goals. Therefore, the phrase represents Brewster melancholy and strong sense of uncertainty. Her description of the scent f spring as â€Å"the almost-not-smell of tulips† conveys a sense of disappointment as not even a single whole thing of nature remains in the synthetic world of the modern age. Brewster then mentions the scent of museums, the scent of old, once-functional items that are kept only for the sake of history. This serves as a medium to further convey her nostalgia. She then mentions the scent of â€Å"work, glue factories†, â€Å"chromium-plated offices†, and â€Å"subways†. Her choice of mentioning only the dullest and most mundane scents of the contemporary realm depicts her dissatisfaction tit it, in comparison to what her old settlement had to offer. â€Å"Burned-out†, â€Å"old†, and â€Å"battered†, she describes her hometown, yet she still yearns for it. From this, it is concluded that it is not the quality of the items she seeks, but the tranquility and beauty. Brewster included the very fragrant and soothing scent of â€Å"pine woods† and â€Å"blueberry†, further strengthening the former point. â€Å"With yards where hens and chickens circle about,† she says. The image of the Jaunty animals provides an aura of mirthful glee, which is precisely what she experiences while being in the less hectic environment. She also stated that the â€Å"hens and chickens† are â€Å"clucking aimlessly†, depicting a sense of insouciance. Therefore, her wistfulness is caused by her longing for the blithe and airy nature of her hometown. Spring and winter are the mind’s chief seasons†; in this line, Brewster has started to tolerate with the circumstance she is place in in that present and that the benefit in simply yearning is nonexistent. â€Å"Ice and the breaking of ice† symbolisms her adamantly of belonging in a place of nature, as it starts to fade, thus exposing herself Brewster then allows the doo r to her memories to â€Å"blow open† and let the â€Å"frosty mind† that is her haunting memories to be blown and fade away. Her description of her memories as â€Å"frosty† depicts her acknowledgement and awareness of how her nostalgia has turned her into an aloof person whose gaze illustrates none but melancholy. In conclusion, this poem is the tale of Elizabeth Brewster momentary misery and despair due to her nostalgia, which she overcomes as she realizes that the past is not all there is, which is the fickle element of the poem. Therefore, this poem is not a mere chronicle, but Brewster message of counsel too. How to cite Nostalgia in â€Å"Where I Come from†, Papers

Critical Analysis Of Leadership and Transformational Change - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Critical Analysis Of Leadership and Transformational Change. Answer: Introduction The CEOs are very important in determining the progress of the company. This means that they ought to have diverse and intense skills of leadership since they deal with employees and clients of different backgrounds. However, the CEO position is quite challenging, and this necessitates a series of dismissals which cost a company billions of dollars if a CEO is not effective. It is also discouraging for the directors who put more efforts in scrutinizing candidates to anoint the appropriate CEOs in their companies. Therefore, the position requires one to be focused on achieving a lot of success and maximizing profits. The big companies in Australia for example, have been able to attain the topmost position in the country and the world at large because of the good leadership got from their leading CEOs. This paper features the CEOs of Wesfarmers, Amcor Limited and Billiton Group namely; Richard Goyder, Ken Mackenzie and Andrew Mackenzie respectively, as some of the largest companies in Australia and their leadership styles and how they have impacted on the progress of the company. Aim This report aims to analyze the leadership of three Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of Australian companies to assess their leadership theories and how leader performance can be improved to enhance organizational performance. This report will compare and contrast the leadership approaches of three Australian CEOs and identify how each leader's approach has influenced the organizational output and analyze the challenge faced by one of the CEOs. An effective leader should understand the organization and its structure to identify the opportunities available for exploitation and initiate proper directions and inspiration. This requires a leader to have a professional background which includes education and work experience. Selecting And Assessing The Ceos The CEOs. The three CEOs selected for this analysis include: Richard Goyder Wesfarmers Australia, 1993 having worked in several commercial roles. He was the General Manager for three years before being elected as the Managing Director in 1999. He became the firms Chief Financial Officer in 2004 and assumed the position of Chief Executive Officer in June 2005. He was a leader who believed that the future of the company should be far much better than the current state and directed his efforts in making things work more easily. Ken Mackenzie - Amcor Limited - 2002 as the Deputy Managing Director. In 2005, he assumed the CEOs position whereby he was keen to ensure that every occurrence would not just happen and disappear but rather he would learn great lessons to help him advance his ways of handling situations in future. Andrew Mackenzie - Billiton Group - 1983 as vice president. In 2003, he joined Rio Tinto as the Financial Manager of the industrial minerals division until in 2007 when he became the CEO succeeding Marius Kloppers. He had expert communication skills that enabled him to appear mostly in the news media, and this helped him advertise his company to a great extent making his clients attain more confidence in the company and the products. Ways Each Leader Conceptualizes Success through Their Leadership Wesfarmers is one of the biggest companies whose CEO is Richard Goyder and whose leadership landed the company many miles ahead than anyone would ever imagine. Under his leadership, the company was transmuted into a diverse organization from a relatively small farmers co-operative standing in the top 50 companies in Australia in a span of 10 years. The company had a market share of around $26 million when Richard took over the leadership mantle in 2003. The company rose up to past one billion dollar market share before he stepped down making it among the largest private companies employing more than 300,000 people. This was a significant move in the company under his leadership which made him become a great and prominent CEO whose legacy would be remembered and felt for generations to come. His financial goals were far much ahead of his years, and his business mentality was quite excellent. Ken Mackenzie as the CEO of Amcor Limited from 2005 has extensive experience both in the executive and global leadership due to his deeply strategic approach. This company is a packaging company has operations in over 40 countries. The 23 years of career in the packaging company gave him extensive experience regarding all the business segments of the Amcor in all the emerging and developed markets in Asia, Europe, America, and Australia. He has initiated packaging sustainability and led the board in informing the entire market about the sustainability of packaging. This has been done through various means including participation in the industry forums like the Sustainable Packaging Coalition. Working with the suppliers and customers also ensures that the packaging sustainability has been considered from design to end-of-life. Through his leadership skills, he has ensured the safety of the workplace which forms one of the greatest concerns for the employees. The CEO gears towards achi eving a workplace of zero injuries. Occasionally, some incidents of serious injuries may be experienced in the workplace which makes the CEO to take the initiative to learn from the incident and initiate proper measures to ensure that a similar case ceases to occur. Andrew Mackenzie has been the CEO of the Billiton Group for the last five years which made him become an expertise in the complex corporate and risk management, advisory work and solving disputes. He was involved in the trusted advisor with the clients from Australia globally. He possesses industry knowledge and technical excellence. This has enabled him to work closely with customers on some complex and significant criminal investigations and civil disputes in Australia mostly in resources and energy, telecommunications and financial sectors. Based on the previous pattern of leadership and approaches, Andrew is able to classify situations and compare them with different ways of approaches so as to determine the best approach to a business situation. His listening skills are quite excellent, and he gives a chance to his followers to speak their feelings, complains and submits reports. He expresses attentiveness or expressing excitement when listening to a follower. Andrew observes how the boards work differently as a result of the historical context of their implementation and achievement is very high. He said that as a leader, he always has the answers at hand to the questions he asks the board and the employees but asking them is a way to ensure that they know and do what is expected of them. How These Leaders Describe Their Conceptualization of Leadership As the CEO of Wesfarmers, Goyder watched over the agriculturally focused cooperative's transmutation to retail, excavating multinational which makes the Australia's biggest private sector workforce to boast. During his leadership, he has made the nation afford a big turnover by fighting against political self-interest groups and safely navigating the troubled waters of WA Inc. He also appreciates the role of the talented people in the company as useful ingredients alongside the suggested systems. One secret he holds is a generational alteration of employees whereby the younger and more trained employees are recruited to join the older employees or the retired ones or even the incompetent employees to ensure a continuous and a sure business success. His leadership skills make him foresee the potential in the farmers' co-operative of becoming an exceedingly powerful group as well as having numerous diversified streams of business. The investment potential in the Wesfarmers collection m otivated him as a business person and also identified a means to improve the morale of the staff. The report delivered on 2013 for Amcor Limited's Annual General Meeting indicated that the company had achieved a 15% reduction in the emission of GHG and a 10% reduction in water usage under Ken's leadership. This meant that the CEO was determined to secure an environment-friendly working place which also promoted the health of the employees and the public in general. His leadership skills were geared to engaging with the shareholders, and other individuals in a quest get to know their perspective in a better way and to create long-term value for them. A report said that his leadership had been worthwhile which contributed extraordinarily to create a further development opportunity to the company. Andrew uses the profit-arithmetic approach (PA) whereby he operates on the basis of processing information and data through a mental process so as to be able to differentiate between the profit levels and those that are not. This approach which relies mostly on the mind of the individual makes the CEOs to base their decision-making processes on the possibility of making profits rather than the image of the company. This means that he relies mostly on his knowledge of the company's strengths, weaknesses, resources and the company in general to make informed decisions and would sometimes depend on his sense of business especially when the level of uncertainty is quite high. Andrew believes that a "sense of business" is quite vital and that it helps him a great deal since he meets some of the situations which would be new to him such that he has no previous similar cases to base his decisions on. This necessitates him to call his minds into a meeting and come up with legit solutions bas ed on the situation at hand. How Each Leader Conceptualizes Success through their Leadership Goyder said that he made it easier to do most of the things in future. He has ensured that the culture of the company is transparent between the board and the seniormanagement such that information would not be filtered or altered anyhow without prior consent. He led the process of breaking down the business and putting it into a smaller divisional structure which is now the current operation making it easier to manage and oversee job performance. Apart from other qualifications, Goyder is one leader with a good financial management background which makes him win the trust of many clients both locally and internationally. He strives a lot to be transparent in all the transactions he made. These include the deals he booked and lost, the product plans, the amount of capital raised and the financial statements summary is presented in a clear manner. This ensures that no employee would complain about not knowing whatever was going on in the company or had no information regarding the financial position of the company and its progress. Goyder would only not disclose the information about the personnel re-org details and the payroll because such would be a personal information which needs privacy. This is a necessary effort to ensure that every employee knows how important they are in the company and how their efforts matter in positioning the company to higher heights of performance. He is also a leader who knows how to deal with p roblems as soon as they arise. As realized by the researchers, it is not possible to respect or trust a leader who in case of a crisis just lets the problematic person hang on, Goyder is always keen to address any operational issue in a fast and efficient manner before it bears numerous disadvantages. He is fair and consistent in his problem-solving hence building the followers' trust since he is a mindful and action leader. In his efforts, Ken Mackenzie showed strong leadership qualities by navigating the firm through a financial crisis in making some critical decisions to improve the returns of the shareholders. This enabled him to clean up the messes caused by the previous CEOs. In a span of four years in leadership, he made a significant reduction in costs across the business and a reducing down of the assortment through the partition of South 32. His financial intelligence is also outstanding hence earning him the trust of the clients the employees. He was able to understand the financial position and financial crisis and always worked hard to come up with a way of settling them. He ensured that the company had zero debts most of the times and in case there were some, the gap between the debts and the profits earned would be so big to lay down the company. He owned the budgeting skills that helped him in avoiding unnecessary debts and able to manage the company needs in an appropriate manner. Based on the previous pattern of leadership and approaches, Andrew is able to classify situations and compare them with different ways of approaches so as to determine the best approach to a business situation. His listening skills are quite excellent, and he gives a chance to his followers to speak their feelings, complains and submits reports. He expresses attentiveness or expressing excitement when listening to a follower. Critical Evaluation of How Each Leaders Practice of Leadership Impacts the Success of Their Respective Organizations Ken Mackenzie, had different approaches to leadership whereby he would be focused to complete the required tasks, accomplish the company's objectives, maintain the current situation of the firm and motivate his followers through agreements. This form of leadership is known as transactional leadership which also allows the followers to fulfill their desired interests, reduce work anxiety and focus on achieving the goals of the organization. He believed that his leadership should gratify both individual needs and the goals of the organization. His leadership was characterized by using his powers to give incentives to his followers so as to motivate them to deliver the best efforts of the organization. He was focused on ensuring that every day-day activities flowed smoothly rather than looking into guiding the company to attain a proper market position. He loved team-building activities as he believed they are good ways of understanding the individual talents of his followers. Having to engage in these teams also enabled him to gather more information from them as they would feel free when working together as teams. This also encouraged collaboration with the employees at different levels of work which enabled initiating change which helped a lot to improve performance and provide opportunities for professional and individual enhancement. This plays a great role in encouraging the employees and improving their job morale as they are meant to perceive work as a means of advancing themselves rather than just a means of getting pay. Richard Goyder was good at developing cohesion with his employees by calling regular meetings which would enable him to ask the employees questions of concern and enable him to get a relevant feedback. This would help him identify the gaps that need to be filled and the weaknesses that needed to be dealt with so as to keep the firm in profit-generating position and also maximize the outputs. He was able to handle all the details and point s of concern in a quest to develop a strong, detailed output in the fastest means possible and earn a market reputation hence improving the image of the firm. In conjunction to this, he would not hesitate to keep his employee's needs on the front line so as to motivate them to maintain high standards of productivity. His team-building skills enabled him to achieve more ambitious goals and achieve a rapid success due to his strong visions. He possessed the ability to design and communicate relevant decisions and change needed to implement strategic policies. He had excellent communication skills, and this helped him a lot in maintaining his good relationship with the other employees. One of the skills he possessed is the communication skills. He was able to communicate more in a visible and active manner when crises arose in the company. He was able to put himself in a direct contact with the people of the press and was able to contact news conferences. Andrew Mackenzie was able to communicate in public and having his views and decisions aired out to the public by the news people was a good catalyst to make the clients more confident of their products, and also the employees developed more trust and felt good being associated with him. When delivering a presentation, he was keen to ensure that he does it perfectly so as to avoid boring the audience. His presentation was one that no one would ever like to miss since he used to create jovial moods mixed up with humor to capture the attention of the audience. This skill also made him get the followers understand his message, analyze it well and also get to act on whatever he said. His ability to understand body language would also help him get to recruit the right candidates for the right positions since during interviews, he would be able to read the body language of the interviewees and understand it making him assess the honesty of the candidate. He would also tell whether whatever he is saying is making the audience comfortable or he is hurting them and whether the followers were confident with what they are saying. This would be advantageous especially during negotiations, conducting meetings and delivering speeches. However, he lacked the listening skills which are very vital in any form of communication. Identification of Organizational Issues faced by Ken Mackenzie Despite the great leadership qualities that these three leaders possessed, Ken had a weakness which afforded him some drawbacks. The leader is less in realistic optimism which means that he would daydream about innovative ideas which sounds great in theory or have his heads in the clouds while in reality, they lack world application. This makes him be curious about the future, and this blurs him from concentrating much on the current performance and the current issues. This makes him to lack confident in whatever he was doing for the company and unable to face many of the challenges that came his way and confront the difficulties faced by the company. Advice to the Leader on How to Address These Issues I would recommend that Ken combines an honest evaluation of the potential challenges of the companies with a positive attitude. This is to say that as he imagines of taking the company to greater achievements, he should also think of the possible challenges on the way and have a good mechanism for overcoming or handling them. For example, in cases of crisis, the CEO should embrace the situation with no fear knowing that every obstruction has got a way out regardless of the magnitude of the difficulty. He should maintain the events in proportion and should make intensive efforts to be able to celebrate his successes and those of others to expand his minds and get tips on how to achieve more from them. Conclusion and Recommendations Generally, the work of a CEO entails having the ability to lead tactfully and embracing different leadership skills to become effective as the success of any organization lies in the leadership skills of the CEO. The application of leadership theories by the three CEOs helpful in enhancing the success of the companies they manage. The trait theory of leadership argument that different leaders share similar traits which instinctively help them achieve organizational success. The ability to possess innate skills will help the leaders lead more effectively with the proper understanding of all the employees under their management. The behavioral theories of leadership focus on how these three leaders behave. The three leaders exemplary show commitment and expect cooperation from the subordinates and this enhances their democratic nature of leadership under which every employees idea is appreciated. This paper has discussed three CEOs of the prominent Australian companies and their approa ches to leadership which have enabled them to place the firms in a recognizable position internationally. The three leaders were all geared towards success and continuous development of their companies. However, their approaches in leadership were significantly different. Richard Goyder has been the CEO of Wesfarmers whereby he has made it grow from a small company to become among the top most companies in Australia based on his leadership skills. Further, the existing situations in these companies force the leaders to apply contingency theories of leadership. The fact that no best skill or style of leadership helps solve a problem, the use of path-goal theory and transactional leadership is required. Among them is the ability to remain transparent in his undertakings which helped him identify any possible path for further success. Ken Mackenzie also led packaging company called Amcor Limited Company as the CEO for ten years where he left a mark of having achieved a zero-injury work ing environment. His financial intelligence made him also achieve a zero debt state of the company. Andrew Mackenzie of Billiton Group made use of his company knowledge to make decisions which would maximize profit margins. However, his efforts to make the company shine the more, he would make unrealistic decisions at times which would affect the current performance of the company. Allowing himself to have a way of dealing with possible challenges would help him a lot to achieve more success both now and in future. Therefore, the three leaders must employ the use of trait, contingency, and behavioral theories of leadership in order to reap the fruits of success. The leaders must lead democratically by valuing the ideas of all subordinates staff since this motivates and improves their morale. Further, the leaders must learn how to understand different skills, knowledge, and expertise of their employees in order to facilitate the division of labor in accordance with each employees area of specialization. Further, the three leaders must learn how to make quick, accurate, and proper decisions that affect workplace operations guided by the contingency theories of leadership. Bibliography Berns, K. V., Klarner, P. (2017). A Review of the CEO Succession Literature and a Future Research Program.The Academy ofManagement Perspectives,31(2), 83-108. Press. Buyl, T., Boone, C., Hendriks, W., Matthyssens, P. (2011). Top management team functionalv diversity and firm performance: The moderating role of CEO characteristics.Journal of management studies,48(1), 151-177. Press. okpekin, ., Knudsen, M. P. (2012). Does organizing for creativity really lead to innovation?.Creativity and Innovation Management,21(3), 304-314. Press. Cummings, T., Knott, A. M. (2017). CEO Expertise and Innovation. Press. Elsaid, E., Ursel, N. D. (2011). CEO succession, gender and risk taking.Gender in Management: An International Journal,26(7), 499-512. Press. Friedman, H. H., Lewis, B. J. (2014). A new kind of CEO for the global information age. Press. Gerstein, M., Friedman, H. H. (2016). Rethinking higher education: Focusing on skills and competencies. Press. Giannetti, M. (2011). Serial CEO incentives and the structure of managerial contracts.Journal of Financial Intermediation,20(4), 633-662. Press. Goergen, M., Renneboog, L. (2011). Managerial compensation.Journal of Corporate Finance,17(4), 1068-1077. Press. Guiso, L., Rustichini, A. (2011). Understanding the size and profitability of firms: The role of a biological factor. Press. Lindqvist, E. (2012). Height and leadership.Review of Economics and Statistics,94(4), 1191- Press. Miller, S. (2014). Collaborative approaches needed to close the big data skills gap.Browser Download This Paper. Press. Mishel, L., Davis, A. (2014). CEO pay continues to rise as typical workers are paid less.Issue Brief,380. Press. Pan, Y., Wang, T. Y., Weisbach, M. S. (2016). CEO investment cycles.The Review of Financial Studies,29(11), 2955-2999. Press. Quigley, T. J., Hambrick, D. C. (2012). When the former CEO stays on as board chair: Effects on successor discretion, strategic change, and performance.Strategic Management Journal,33(7), 834-859. Press. Schoar, A., Zuo, L. (2016). Gender in Corporation Management Does the Market Value Ceo Styles?.The American Economic Review,106(5), 262-266. Press. Schoar, A., Zuo, L. (2017). Shaped by booms and busts: How the economy impacts CEO careers and management styles.The Review of Financial Studies,30(5), 1425-1456. Press Stadler, K. (2011). Talent reviews: the key to effective succession management.Business Strategy Series,12(5), 264-271. Press. Teece, D. J. (2012). Dynamic capabilities: Routines versus entrepreneurial action.Journal of Management Studies,49(8), 1395-1401. Press. Wang, H., Tsui, A. S., Xin, K. R. (2011). CEO leadership behaviors, organizational performance, and employees' attitudes.The Leadership Quarterly,22(1), 92-105. Press. Yaraghi, N., Langhe, R. G. (2011). Critical success factors for risk management systems.Journal of Risk Research,14(5), 551-581. Press.

The Causes, Characteristics, and Aims of Revolutions

Introduction Throughout the history of human society and governance, various forms of protestations by the governed have characterized disagreements between the governor and the governed. These differences between the rulers and their subjects usually lead to a need for negotiations, and subsequent governance changes in order that the society might continue to exist peacefully. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Causes, Characteristics, and Aims of Revolutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, when the rulers in such a situation ignore the usually genuine demands of their subjects, the outcome is usually a form of protest and demonstration by the governed in order to express their views more powerfully. Such protests take various forms, and the outcome may be concessions that assuage the demands of the protesting governed or increased control and continued recalcitrance by the rulers and govern ors concerned. Revolutions are borne out of such stalemates. Dictatorship/autocracy, poverty/inequality, and a desire for personal and communal liberty have characterized the demands of most revolutionary quests throughout history, and this commonality of demands can be seen in the demands of revolutionary masses of the 17th Century Glorious Revolution, as well as, the present day Arab Spring revolutions. In this paper, a historical analysis of crucial revolutions in different countries and eras – beginning with the Glorious Revolution in England and ending with the Arab Spring revolutions of recent days – will be undertaken. The causes, characteristics, and outcomes of these revolutions will be analyzed. The commonality of the revolutions and their importance in a socio-historical context will also be provided in the conclusion. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 The Glorious Revolution in England, in 1688, toppled the then English King James II. King James II’s moderate religious views, and the general excesses of the English Monarchy, stoked the fires of the revolution. The Glorious Revolution in England is significant because many of its sociopolitical and religious outcomes extend to contemporary times (Miller 58). Although the King’s religion of Catholicism was a crucial factor for parliamentarians’ opposition to his reign, a general dissatisfaction with the King’s aristocratic reign and accompanying monarchical powers attracted opposition. As a Roman Catholic, William II began a series of maneuvers that were meant to grant Roman Catholics in England more political voice, despite the majority of citizens in England being protestant. The English King also had a strained relationship with Parliament, and he frequently used his powers to usurp the role and functions of the legislature. Naturally, these actions earned him few friends amongst the English ruling class and citizens. Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Matters became intolerable when James II’s wife gave birth to a son, who as the heir, apparently meant that Catholicism in the monarchy would continue through him, and more importantly, the reign of unchecked aristocratic powers. English legislators thus began fomenting a rebellion, and after striking a deal with the Dutch King (William of Orange), the latter attacked England with a view to toppling King James II. In England, the invasion was successful in short order. Widespread dissatisfaction with the policies and actions of the King ensured that the masses offered little support to the King and thus did not fight him. King William of Orange and his wife Mary were subsequently enthroned as joint monarchs over England, Scotland, and Ireland. The Outcomes of the Glorious Revolution One of the leading and most serious consequences of the Glorious Revolution was th e vindication of parliamentary democracy over monarchical rule in England. Because King James II had, many times, acted unilaterally and rendered parliament irrelevant, the leaders in England were keen to ensure a repeat of such actions never occurred. Thus, the role of parliament as a law making body was established, with the King having no power to inviolate laws enacted by parliament, as James II was wont to do. Catholicism as a religion was also banned from the Monarchy, with the monarchs now forbidden from marrying Roman Catholics too. More importantly, the Glorious Revolution led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights, a blue print for many subsequent democracies and republics keen on ensuring that the citizens enjoyed a broad-based number of inalienable rights enshrined in law. The American Revolution (1776-1783) The American Revolution was the war waged by the then thirteen colonies of America against the British Empire with the aim of severing links with Britain. The coloni es desired to chart their on social, political, and economic paths outside of the direct influence, ruler ship, and domination of Britain. The American Revolution/war of independence from 1776-1783 was caused by various socio-economic and political factors. Chiefly, the leaders and masses in the colonies were opposed to the reign of Britain over them, and desired to establish a union of independent states connected at a federal level each with its own government (Creviston 465). The economic causes of the American Revolution were many and varied. A series of unpopular taxes imposed by Britain fuelled the Revolution. The Townshend Act, which placed taxes on a number of essential goods like paper and tea, was particularly unpopular, leading the colonists to boycott British goods. The Stamp Act, which required many commodities to be certified with a stamp in the colonies, with the amount for the Stamp being the tax, was also hugely unpopular and fanned anti-British sentiments in the colonies. The taxes levied went directly to Britain hence had no economic benefit for the colonies, yet they were forced to pay them. The British also enacted laws forbidding the colonists from trading with other nations besides Britain, which was economically disadvantageous to the colonists.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Causes, Characteristics, and Aims of Revolutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the foremost political reasons that led to the American Revolution was the fact that, the American colonists were subjected to the authority of the British laws, yet they had no representation in the British parliament. Decisions directly affecting the political and economic structure of colonial America were being made in Britain, thousands of miles away from the playground. This prompted the then thirteen states to unite and declare independence from the British Empire in 1776, which they accused of several acts of injustice, and these acts in their view had rendered Britain an illegitimate government, as far as the affairs of the colonies were concerned. In a similar fashion to the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution was carried out via military wars and actions. The colonists engaged the British army at various points/locations in the American continent, and after a protracted 7-year Revolutionary War, the British granted independence to the United States. Outcomes of the American Revolutionary War Economic and political independence from Britain was the ultimate aim of the American Revolution, and these aims were achieved when the British granted the colonies independence. More importantly, the Revolution led to the establishment of the United States of America, a nation later to become a world power, and leader in democratic ideals throughout the globe. The ideals of the revolutionary fighters, as spelled out in the Declaration of Independence, have se rved to inspire many other independence seeking groups and fighters throughout history. The French Revolution (1789-1799) The French Revolution came soon after the end of the American Revolution, and paragons and accomplishments of the American Revolution served as inspiration for the French masses when they began their own revolution. Widespread poverty, high-handed aristocratic decrees by an Absolute Monarchy, profligate spending by the monarchy-leaning ruling class all contributed to the French Revolution (Hunt 7). As indicated earlier, inspiration also came from the successful American Revolution, where the contents of the Declaration of Independence formed indispensable reference for the French revolutionaries. King Louis XVI’s reign had been widely unpopular, and the perceived excesses of his wife Marie Antoinette, in the face a bankrupt economy, served to turn the anger of the starving masses towards the ruling class.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The French Revolution was carried out by the masses in the cities and peasant in the rural areas, mostly led by left wing liberals who loathed aristocracy and embraced the ideals of democracy (Griffith). The masses attacked various government and monarchical establishments, most times massacring the guards and tenants they found in these buildings (Orczy 1). A few years into the revolution, the Jacobins (the de facto leaders of the revolution) declared a France a republic. King Louis XVI was guillotined in January 1793, while his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette, was similarly executed in October of the same year. Reign of terror followed, where the zeal to get rid of the traces of French aristocratic and Monarchical past led to the execution by the guillotine of most members of France’s aristocracy class and the monarchy, together with their perceived supporters. Outcomes of the French Revolution The French revolution led to the abolition (although it was later briefly re-estab lished) of the Monarchy as the supreme ruling power in France (Thomas). The Church, with Catholicism as a veritable state religion, had a limited state role after the revolution. The declaration of the rights of French citizens in the document known as The Declaration of The Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which served as a liberty guide for the masses engaged in the revolution, enshrined rights to the masses that they were previously denied. The French established a republican style of governance, which under Napoleon Bonaparte become highly militaristic. Given that the church and the ruling class in pre-revolution France owned the largest share of land, after the Revolution, French citizens were able to exercise more property and land ownership rights after the limiting of the powers of these two entities (Betros 17). The Russian Revolution (1917) The Bolsheviks, who led the masses in violent demonstrations against the rule of Tsar Nicholas II, instigated the Russian Revolution . Under Tsarist autocracy for centuries, the Russian masses had grown weary of the excesses of Tsarist rule. When the First World War began, the economic repercussions experienced of the war by the masses created a sense of dissatisfaction in Tsar Nicholas II’s rule. The war meant that the masses had to receive rationed quantities and had to forgo the luxury of utilities available during peacetime. While the masses suffered, the ruling autocratic class continued to live a luxuriously, and the dissent against these inequalities culminated in a revolution that began in March (Ross 22). The transitional leadership similarly failed to live up to the expectations of the masses; consequently, it was subsequently toppled by communist Bolsheviks in November of the same year. Violent demonstrations and battles characterized the Russian revolution, and after assuming the reigns of leadership under Lenin, the Bolsheviks had to fight several wars in order to maintain their hold on powe r in Russia. Outcomes of the Russian Revolution The Bolsheviks ended centuries of Tsarist rule and established Communism in Russia. Tsar Nicholas and his family were subsequently executed in the aftermath of the revolution, symbolizing a bloody end to autocratic rule in Russia. The Russian revolution also led to the establishment of the Soviet Union whose communist agenda throughout the world created a new centre of power in Europe in the struggle for worldwide economic, social, and political influence against the west, especially the USA (Kowalski 32). Under Stalin, the Soviet Union experienced rapid industrialization, although such economic advancements were stained by Stalin’s dictatorial stance, where millions of those opposed to his policies were summarily executed or exiled. The Arab/Middle East Spring Revolutions The revolutions in many Arab countries, which began in December 2010 and are still currently ongoing in some Arab nations, were triggered by several factors. It is worth noting that most Arab state of present day are ruled by Kings, dictatorial leaders or leaders who have consolidated political power after having ruled for comparatively long periods (Anderson 5). The common causes of the revolutions are dictatorship by respective regimes/leaders, widespread unemployment, economic inequality, corruption, political intolerance and a general opposition to existing governing structures. The revolutions involve demonstrations and protestations of varying degrees. In Libya, the revolution became a full-blown Civil war where the revolutionary fighters were aided in their quest by a coalition of Western powers under the aegis of the UN. In Egypt and Tunisia, violent demonstrations that paralyzed the operations of government characterized protests. In Syria, such demonstrations involving tens of thousands of citizens have led to the deaths of a high number of civilians and law enforcement agents, but the President is yet to cede power. In Bah rain, similar protests and demonstrations have led to a few economic concessions by King Hamad, but protests demanding the removal from power of the monarchy are still ongoing. Similar stalemates are found in Jordan, Yemen, and Syria where the political and economic concessions by the rulers have not assuaged the anger and demands of the protesters. Outcomes of the Arab/Middle East Spring Revolutions The capitulation of the long-serving regimes of both Presidents Ben Ali of Tunisia and Hosni Mubarak by February 2011 under the wave of protests sent a strong message across the Arab world. For citizens planning or inspired by such demonstrations, the resignations of both long serving leaders was hugely inspiring. For leaders in other Arab countries, the defeat of these leaders due to the wave of protests meant that they had to soothe the citizens of their own countries or face a similar fate (Marquand 9). By April 2011, protests had begun in the following countries: Libya, Syria, Yeme n, Algeria, Bahrain, Morocco, Jordan, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon. Therefore, the demonstrations led to socio-political and economic changes in many of these Arab countries. Besides Tunisia and Egypt, President Muammar Gaddafi was deposed in August when he fled the capital Tripoli. On October 20 2011, the revolutionary forces captured and killed Colonel Gaddafi in the outskirts of the Town of Sirte, signaling the end of his 42-year-old rule. Political concessions aimed at saving some Arab rulers similar (and perhaps less violent) fates occurred in various countries (Macfarquhar 4). Constitutional changes in Morocco limited the powers of the King. In Sudan, President Bashir promised not to seek re-election for a third term. Prime Minister Maliki in Iraq also made a similar promise of stepping down at the end of his current term, while provincial governors resigned to allow for reforms. In Bahrain, King Hamad began negotiations intended to draw minority Shias into power position s and opportunities within government. King Hamad also ordered the release of political prisoners. In Oman, Sultan Qaboos granted more law making powers to the legislature. In Algeria, a 19-year state of emergency was lifted, while MPs from the ruling party in Yemen all resigned to allow for political reforms. Economically, various governments acceded to the demands of protesters, especially concerning wage increases and reduction of inequalities (Hitchens 29). In Lebanon, general wages were increased by 40%, while, in Saudi Arabia, the King announced plans to increase the wages of Saudi nationals. Sultan Qaboos announced similar measures in Oman. From the Glorious Revolutions to the Arab Spring Revolutions: Dictatorship, Economic Inequality/Poverty, and Personal Freedom as Common causes of Revolutions Dictatorial/Autocratic Regimes as Harbingers of Revolutions The common factor with the leaders and regimes in all the countries that have experienced revolutions discussed above is t heir tendency to ignore the political plight of the masses. King James II and King George of England, during the Glorious and American Revolutions respectively, repeatedly enacted laws that emasculated and muzzled the political voice of the masses under their rule. King Louis XVI of France during the French Revolution and Tsar Nicholas II during the Bolshevik Revolution both exercised absolute power over their subjects. Similarly, all leaders in countries that experienced the Arab revolutions are guilty of concentrating political power amongst themselves, and their ardent supporters. Repeated demands for inclusive political reforms by the revolutionary masses were repeatedly ignored in all the revolutions above, which led to revolutionary acts that many times led to the deposition and death of the leaders. Economic Inequality/Poverty Marie Antoinette is famously said to have advised revolutionary masses protesting about the unavailability of bread to try cake instead. Such a discor d and discrepancy between the lifestyles of the ruling monarchy and their subjects was a chief agent in stirring revolutionary demonstrations and wars. Widespread poverty and economic inequalities in pre-revolution France, Russia and many of the Arab nations mentioned earlier led many citizens to the streets in desperate final attempts of overthrowing their rulers in order to attempt different economic policies that may effect change and herald better tidings for them. Personal Freedom and Rights of Citizens Dictatorial regimes, widespread poverty, and economic inequality, naturally rob the citizens a sense of personal and communal freedom to act according to their will. The American Declaration of Independence contained the famous phrase dictating a citizen’s right to the pursuit of happiness. The French similarly espoused a citizen’s right to liberty and freedom during and after the revolution. The Arab spring has been characterized by online activism that offered a platform for exchange of ideas amongst citizens never before experienced in restrictive Arab countries. Citizens go to extraordinary lengths to gain personal and social freedom, including undertaking revolutions. Conclusion In a period spanning over four centuries since the Glorious Revolution in England to the present day Arab spring Revolutions, the demands of the revolutionary masses remain spectacularly similar. The masses fight against the political repression of autocratic and dictatorial rulers, poverty, and inequality, which go unchecked by these rulers, and against a tendency to eliminate their individual inalienable rights of life and liberty (Claeys 303). The revolutions provide a study on how to avoid such confrontations and protests in present day nations. Despite the ultimate noble aims of revolutions, the accompanying loss of lives, property, and stability in nations that undergo revolutions is sometimes impossible to recoup (Sabatini 2). Therefore, democracies and republics provide suitable forms of governance for pre-empting revolutions. Works Cited Anderson, Lisa. â€Å"Demystifying theArab Spring.† Foreign Affairs90.3 (2011): 2-6. Print. Betros, Gemma. â€Å"The French Revolution and The Catholic Church.† History Review68.4 (2010): 16-21. Print. Claeys, Gregory. Citizens andSaints: Politics andAnti-Politics in Early British Socialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Print. Creviston, Peter.†No King Unless It Be AConstitutional King: Rethinking The Place Of The Quebec Act In The Coming Of The American Revolution.†Historian73.3 (2011): 463-479. Print. Griffith, David, dir. Orphans OftheStorm. United Artists, 1921. Film. Hitchens, Peter. â€Å"The Real Cost OftheArab Spring.† Mail onSunday08 May 2011: 29. Hunt, Lynn. â€Å"The Problem ofPolitics in The French Revolution.† Chinese Studies inHistory43.3 (2010): 6-16.Print. Kowalski, Ronald. The Russian Revolution: 1917-1921New York: Routledg e, 1997. Print. Macfarquhar, Neil. â€Å"The Arab Spring Finds Itself Upstaged by A New Season.† New York Times23 Sept. 2011: 4.Print. Marquand, Rose. â€Å"Arab Women: This Time, the Revolution Won’t Leave Us Behind.†Christian Science Monitor12.1(2011): 9-15. Print. Miller, John. The Glorious Revolution. London: Longman, 1997. Print. Orczy, Baroness. The Scarlet Pimpernel. New York: Penguin Books, 1905. Print. Ross, Stewart. The Russian Revolution London: Evan Brothers, 2002. Print. Sabatini, Raphael. Captain Blood. Stilwell, Kansas: Digireads, 1922. Print. Thomas, Ralph, Dir. A Tale ofTwo Cities. Rank Film Distributors, 1958. Film. This research paper on The Causes, Characteristics, and Aims of Revolutions was written and submitted by user Alissa Bright to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

English settlement essays

English settlement essays Farmers and debtors alike both came to America expecting the greatest land of all. However, once these people arrived, they realized America was a diseased, Indian infested place. On the contrary, America was full of land and freedom that no farmer or debtor could imagine. After life in America had been set up, different colonies started to break apart favoring their type of religion or political type. In the southern colonies, life was set up for farmers and women had better rights then women in the middle, and New England colonies. Middle colonies had a much different climate then the southern colonies and religion was much less strict- resulting in many different types of ethnic groups. New England was the center of much of the political battles throughout the set up of America and remained as colonies set for profit and religious freedom. The colonies set up across the Atlantic side of America was set up in very diverse ways and deferrer greatly among each other. Southern colonies lived much different lives then those of the lives of the middle and New England colonies. All Southern colonies-except for Georgia- were for slavery and saw nothing wrong in the act of owning people. People who lived in the southern colonies were mainly all big time farmers who had medium to big size plantations. Very few towns were built in the southern colonies because everyone was so spread out because of their huge plantations. Women were treated well in the south, since in the south there wasnt much else a source of profit except for owning plantations and land was everything to them. So the southern colonies made a law stating that when women married they did not lose control of their land. This protected the women unlike women in the middle and New England colonies who lost their land once they married. Life in the south varied a lot compared to life in the Middle Colonies. Middle colonies were composed of-New York, Pennsylvania, Rh...

RECORD KEEPING. (The concept should be defined and explored and an Essay

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Western Cultures. Loss Of Centerdness In The Early 20th Century Essay

Western Cultures. Loss Of Centerdness In The Early 20th Century - Essay Example The political power exerted by the colonizer made it easy for them to establish that they were culturally superior as well. The establishment of the cultural superiority of the colonizer has been a step by stem process by which first of all, the colonizer’s culture is imposed, then the culture of the colonized is replaced with a new culture that is still inferior to, but imitative of the colonizer’s culture. The result of this phenomenon is that slowly the colonized cultures and people belonging to them loose their self-esteem and abandon their culture out of an inferiority complex. The tragedy of this situation is that even when colonization ends, this sense of inferiority of one’s own culture will remain for a long time in the minds of the colonized. Introduction Culture is a phenomenon that embeds all human being, gives meaning and purpose to their lives and provides them a sense of belonging and connection. Once culture is disintegrated, a whole society can a lso get disintegrated. In the history of humanity, nothing else than colonialism had made such an impact on specific cultures as to disintegrate them partially or completely. As the colonizers were mostly the westerners and the colonized being the non-western cultures, the result was an imposition of the cultural hegemony of all western values. The non-western cultures faced a complex identity crisis in the face of this cultural invasion. In the later nineteenth and early twentieth century, colonialism emerged as an extension of western political and cultural imperialism, to such an extent that â€Å"the self-proclaimed â€Å"superiority† of â€Å"Western culture†, functioned as the rationale and mandate for colonialism† (Narayan and Harding, 2000, p.83). The result was that whichever cultures colonized by the western world, began to feel themselves as inferior cultures to the western culture and lost their sense of centeredness. For example, David (2011) has in vestigated the colonial experience of Philippines and showed that the Americans settled in Philippines as part of the colonial legacy, still view Filipino culture as inferior to western and American culture (p.13). Sonnenburg (2003) has pointed to how the British colonization of Australia treated the indigenous people of Australia as some animal or cattle and forcefully separated children belonging to these aborigines from their mothers, â€Å"a practice that continued into the mid-twentieth century† (p.1). Similarly, the English colonial experience in Ireland resulted in the Anglicization of Ireland and suppression of Irish language and culture (Sonnenburg, 2003, p.280). All the colonized cultures had experienced this kind of cultural oppression and this experience was described as, â€Å"loss of centeredness,† by many scholars (Kebede, 2004;Sayre, 2012). What is meant by this expression is that the colonized cultures that were self-reliant and centered around their o wn culture were forced to feel that their cultures were no more the center of the universe they knew. Instead they began to feel that their cultures were inferior to the cultures that colonized them. The most serious consequence of this loss of centeredness has been that even after the colonial rule was withdrawn, the people continue to experience this loss of centerednedd (Kebede, 2004). Rightfully calling colonialism, â€Å"a cultural project of control†, Dirk (1992) has described the complex experience of colonialism from the point of view of culture (p.7). He (Dirk, 1992) has tried to describe this complexity by saying that â€Å"not only did colonial rulers align themselves with the universal and inexorable forces of science, progress, rationality and modernity, they displaced many of the disruptions and excesses of rule

Effects of Architecture on Public Behaviour in India

Effects of Architecture on Public Behaviour in India INTRODUCTION India and its cities is often associated with poverty and disorder in the eyes of both foreigners and nationals alike. The roads and streets are littered, walls are indiscriminately scared by blood red paan, old and unmaintained infrastructure is found vandalized as though its sole purpose was to act as a medium of defiance towards the government’s inefficiency; and any dark niche becomes a place for defecation. This phenomenon, of public acceptance toward urban uncleanliness is experienced in almost all cities of India. India is a country which has a deep rooted history and has many ancient cities. All of which have been documented with awe in the eyes of the writer, talking of their beauty and intricacy. One of the oldest civilizations on the planet, built their haven along the banks of the Indus. Their cities showed a sensitivity toward cleanliness; and the great baths and the sew-age system are a testament to that. Yet today, Indian cities are looked upon as filthy, unhygienic and unorganized. No Indian culture preaches of such treatment towards their environment yet the problem still remains in front of our eyes. However, I believe that the solution to this urban phenomenon may lie in the way we design our built environment. It is widely accepted that the environment we are placed in, plays a major role in affecting how we behave in it. This brings me towards my research question: How can architecture affect the behaviour of the public in order to curb the menace of littering and vandalism, hence maintain cleaner and healthier cities? LITERATURE SURVEY My research will aim at finding a long term, objective answers towards three core topics Vandalism as a cause of social defiance. Littering as a cause of social negligence. Sense of place as a tool to earn respect of the people. Vandalism Almost all major Indian cities date back at least to the colonial era and they see their fair share of social unrest in the form of strikes, riots or revolts and some even have seen war between empires. Unrest has always existed between different classes or casts over the history of our cities and in the present context it mainly exists between different religious communities and much more between the public and its government. Vandalism is one of the by-products of this unrest. My research has found that vandalism is strongly associated with defiance. This defiance can be rooted toward any cause, institution or a government body. This anti-social activity has been enabled by poorly designed built environments which lack surveillance be it manned or automated. This has also led toward increase in crime rate in many high-rise and has eventually reduced the desirability of the housing project. In Oscar Newman’s book ‘Defensible Space’, his research is directed towards how crime can be reduced in the housing projects of New York by designing urban spaces which will affect the behaviour of people and affectively prevent crime from occurring in the first place. The author defines Defensible Space as ‘Defensible space is a model for residential environments which inhibits crime by creating the physical expression of a social fabric that defends itself.’ (Newman, Oscar 1972) His work revolves around how simple gestures in the planning phase can have a vast impact on the inter relationships of multiple users in an urban environment. His work revolves around generating spaces which are surveyed by the community, or a group rather than an individual because when people begin to protect themselves as individuals and not as a community, the battle against crime is lost. (Newman, Oscar 1972) Further his book talks about the need for a site to create a defined territory which can be surveyed by the users of that territory. There is much usefulness in this approach as the potential criminal perceives such a space as controlled by its inhabitants, leaving him an intruder, easily recognized and dealt with. (Newman, Oscar 1972) Edge conditions are also a vital consideration as the outside space becomes more defensible if they are clearly demarcated for the use by one household or a small number of households, and if they are observable by residents, neighbours and passers-by. (Cisneros, Henry, 1996) When interiors are designed, the author has found that ‘attitude towards interior finishes and furnishings creates an institutional atmosphere, not unlike that achieved in our worst hospitals and prisons. Even though the materials are in fact stronger and more resilient to wear, tenants seem to go out of their way to test their resistance capabilities. Instead of being provided with an environment in which they can take pride and might desire to keep up, they are provided with one that begs their ability in tearing it down( in comment of Pruitt Igoe) (Newman, Oscar 1972) Taking inferences from these approaches I aim to see whether similar principles of design can help prevent vandalism in India’s urban spaces, hence develop further inferences towards how cultural differences can affect this stream of though and how it can be used to my advantage if possible. Further, I would like to ascertain whether this approach can also be applied towards prevention of littering in public spaces as well. Another method of reducing vandalism takes a nonphysical approach a particular area involves community involvement by means of fund raising in Jefferson School District, Daly City, California where vandalism had been a concern (average daily attendance 6,100), for many years. Several schools were consistent targets for graffiti and broken windows. Maintenance crews devoted Monday mornings to sweeping glass and repainting surfaces. It was time consuming, costly, and most discouraging.(Brietler,B , 1988) An Idea came in 1985 from the newly appointed superintendent, Joseph DiGeronimo. His plan was to offer an incentive program to the students. Each school would have $500 put into a reserve account for eventual use by students-that is, unless the money was first consumed by the costs of vandalism. The money would go to the student body to use as it wished, as long as the expenditures were legal and in good taste. (Brietler,B , 1988) The scheme was successful enough that it was able to reduce incidents from 114 in 1985-86 to 51 incidents in 1986-87. (Brietler,B , 1988) Even though my research is focused in finding a prevention rather than a cure, secondary measures will only help to reinforce the former. Since, in the Indian context, where monetary gain is the main incentive to get work done efficiently, schemes of a similar nature be implemented so as to facilitate maintenance of our urban spaces. Littering I was initially filled with the notion that vandalism and littering are done by the same social strata and for similar reasons. But on further studying I realized that they are two distinct behaviours and are motivated by different factors. Vandalism had been associated in almost all my readings as an act of defiance of the people of the lower class or people who believe have been neglected by a governing body. It would be wrong to assume that it is the lack of awareness or literacy that is the root cause of littering. The most common sight of littering is that of plastics bags, disposable containers, plates and spoons Items which are attributed with the consumerist classes i.e. the middle class and high class. The Indian department of sciences and technology states: Most of todays plastics and synthetic polymers are produced from petrochemicals. As conventional plastics are persistent in the environment, improperly disposed plastic materials are a significant source of environmental pollution, potentially harming life. Therefore Littering is not merely an eye sore but also a health hazard and, it should be a matter of concern that we keep our cities clean so that we can benefit in the long run. Another fashion of littering is very unique to India owing to a recipe that is unique to Indian culture. Almost all public spaces can be distinctly associated with the splashes of paan cud, commonly seen at every corner of a staircase or the end of a passageway. Paan is made using a single beetle leaf with a filling which is usually constituted of areca nut, lime and cured tobacco. This form of paan is not meant to be swallowed and so spitting is inevitable. The areca nut is what is responsible for creating the blood red coloration which is the key identifier of paan cud. Paan is cheaply available to both the poor farmer and the rich merchant, and is an Indian man’s pass time, chewing constantly to while away the long and monotonous day. The primary cause of this gross negligence towards correct disposal of rubbish, is because of the lack of far-sightedness of the common man. The lack of a united spirit in the city, where every man is out there to fend for himself be it status, earning or justice and this has led to a fragmentation in the urban society. This is what has eluded the minds of the people, that, even trivial acts such as littering can add up to larger consequences. Liberalization has granted the benefit of private ownership of land, but this has allowed people to assume the corollary, that, what is not owned by them is not under their jurisdiction completely forgetting the democratically It belongs to him but at the same time, also to his fellow countrymen. This blatant thinking of in and out, mine and not mine has deluded the spirit of a common in urban society which manifests itself in the form of negligence. Vassos Argyrou argues that depending on one’s position in space people may find things to be in place (have positive value) or out of place (have negative value) or, they may be invisible to the observer†¦ Therefore, the like beauty, litter is in the eye of the beholder. (Argyrou, Vassos, 1997) Depending on these characteristics society way either be proactive or they may be negligent towards littering. Peoples understanding toward cleanliness is mainly defined by their way of life. The fact that some people treat littering as eyesores is presupported by ’the ability to detach oneself from the world and constitute it as an object of contemplation and reflection.’ (Argyrou, Vassos, 1997).. This portion of society’s ability is rendered possible by the division between mental labour and physical labour. This is possible in those who are economically well off and have the luxury to contemplate the world and its problems. The do not need to partake cumbersome labour (like brick laying and farming) in order to fight the elements of nature, rather, they would prefer to do the same through â€Å"sport† (by going rock climbing or hiking). They tend to contemplate the world as an aesthetic reality. Trying to treat nature as a body whose truths assessed and aliments cured. By contrast, for many people the world is far from a comforts and conveniences, and the possibility to contemplate the world is distant. These people are compelled to work on days which, most people would take the day off. To them, the world is a battle field and life a daily struggle. Out of this confrontation – akin to physical combat the world emerges as a formidable adversary and the Self emerges as a physically and mentally strong individual who, far from being deterred by the challenge, welcomes and even provokes it.(Argyrou, Vassos , 1997)They are too obstinate to give up on the challenges that face them and, given these circumstances, their aggressive approach towards life, to them avoiding littering is a far too gratuitous an act to be seriously considered. However, it would be premature to assume that the cause of this uncleanliness is because of the lower working class and that the middle and higher classes are devoid of this attitude towards our cities. This only suggests that different conditions of existence predispose people to view the world and themselves, in different ways. The author later goes on to say that the middle class claim is that people litter because they are ignorant. Rather, it is that people are ignorant because they litter. The distinction is significant because it implies that litter is a self- evident truth accessible to everyone. If the middle class can perceive it as a problem, villagers and urban working classes can see it too. But, as middle class rhetoric has it, they choose to ignore it and this is what makes them ignorant This act of negligence towards the city is well illustrated by Sudipta Kaviraj, in his paper’ Filth and the Public Sphere: Concepts and Practices about Space In Calcutta (1997), talking of the notions, of what is public in the eyes of Indians, in the city of Calcutta. He talks of how Hindu culture is responsible for the concept for ‘apan/par’ in which people only look at their property as their world, which requires attention and has to be kept clean. Whereas the surrounding is of no importance to the dweller. The inside of a Brahmin house was often kept impressively clean, including utensils and other household goods. Interiors of houses were swept and scrubbed with punctilious regularity. Indeed, there was an interesting connection between these duties and the religious markings on the times of day. The household’s internal space had to be cleaned at the hours of conjunction between light and darkness, at dawn and dusk, which coincided with time for worship (puja). The form of this puja, especially at nightfall, was to light the auspicious lamp, which had an understated piety about it and was performed by women, who shared a strong connection with the symbolism of the interior. It would be considered odd, and faintly sacrilegious, to take the auspicious lamp into a room that had not been cleaned in preparation for this most ordinary form of thanksgiving. Thus, the cleaning chores were considered quasi-religious duties for household members (mostly women). Yet the garbage collected from this obsessive house-cleaning would be dumped on a mound right in front of the house. This owed not to a material-geographic but a conceptual distinction. When the garbage is dumped, it is not placed at a point where it cannot casually affect the realm of the household and its hygienic well-being. It is thrown over a conceptual boundary. The street was the outside, the space for which one did not have responsibility, or which not one’s own was, and it therefore lacked any association with obligation, because it did not symbolise any significant principle, did not express any values. It was merely a conceptually insignificant negative of the inside, which was prized and invested with affectionate decoration. Thus, the outside—the streets, squares, bathing Ghats, and other facilities used by large numbers—were crowded, but they did not constitute a different kind of valued space, a civic space with norms and rules of use of its own, different from the domest ic values of bourgeois privacy. (Kaviraj, S 1997) Kaviraj also mentions that cast is not the only factor but the differences in perceptions between the different classes also is responsible for the littering. The middle class who were capable of affording an education attach much sentimental values to their public parks, but the lower class cannot understand the importance of the latter as much of the middle class’s sentiments had aroused from historic contexts which the lower classes could not relate to due to lack of an education. What this shows is that there were two different codes for using social space, one mapping of inside/outside and another of public/ private.(Kaviraj,S 1997) This study has helped me grasp the gravity of the situation. That there is a cultural link towards the way we maintain our public sphere and that there lies a differences of conceptual approach towards the term ‘public’ by the different economic strata of society. Another concept I would like to focus on is the broken window theory, which says that a crime is more likely to happen if the physical environment is already abused. This phenomenon is necessary to understand as it acts as the spark to the fire if not tended to. The corollary of the theory can also be tested to see if extremely clean environments can also be used to create a social unacceptance toward uncleanliness of our public spaces. CONCLUSION Littering is a social and health problem. It may be harmless in small quantities, but when it is upscaled to the urban level, it becomes a menace and a cause of concern. Today the Indian government has tried to curb littering by means of promotional messages on television. And people are well aware that it is illegal to litter. Under this circumstance, littering is not merely an act, but also a statement whose message echoes through all people who see it. Citizens who see their streets and roads littered will be filled with the notion that their government is incompetent and incapable. This eventually will lead people to be lax, not just towards littering laws but also towards other restrictions, quoting the latter failure as an example. Owing to its visual nature, littering spreads like a disease in the spaces of the citizen minds and then into the spaces of the city. This will eventually breed negligence among the masses and destroy community culture. This further translates into more extreme cases where our urban spaces will be vandalized to vent out anger. Therefore it is of at most importance that we take immediate action and strongly reinforce these actions with preventative measures in order to maintain a physically and mentally society. From my literature survey it has come to my knowledge that littering and vandalism have been looked at from a very objective point of view and research is directed more towards these phenomena as reactive measures and not a long term preventative measures. Therefore I would like to focus my future efforts into finding ways in which we can prevent littering and vandalism before it can even happen. References: Newman, Oscar 1972, Crime Prevention through Urban Design Defensible Space, the Macmillan Company, New York. Colquhoun, Ian, Design out of crime Creating Safe and Sustainable Communities, Architectural Press Canter, David 1977, Psychology of Place, The Architectural Press Ltd. London G.P.D, 2004 , Economics and Political Weekly , Vol. 39 ,No. 9. The British Medical Journal Vol .2 No. 4255 1942 ,Towards The Clean City, BMJ Kaviraj,Sudipta 1997 , Duke University Press, Filth and the public Sphere: Concepts and practices about Space in Calcutta, Public Culture. Keizer, Kees, 2008 American association for the advancement of science, Vol. 322, No. 5908 Science, New Series. Brietler, Bruce 1988 ,Taylor Francis, Ltd., Vandalism: The carrot instead of the Stick, Vol. 61, No.8 Argyrou, Vassos 1997,Wiley on behalf American Anthropological Association, â€Å"Keep Cyprus Clean† : Littering , Pollution, and Otherness, Vol. 12, No.2 Hazards of plastic, 2009, viewed 20 July 2014 TIFAC, http://www.tifac.org.in/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=739itemid=205